ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ultraviolet light in reducing bacterial load of eggshells and the impact of experimental disinfection on hatching, embryo mortality, and time-borne distribution using broiler breeder hens of different ages (38, 42, and 48 weeks old). Fertile eggs were subjected to different exposure periods (5, 7, and 9 minutes) of UV light (UV-C) with a 254 nm wavelength. For controls, eggs disinfected with paraformaldehyde (5.3 g/m3) and eggs not disinfected (NC). After subjection to disinfection protocols, the eggs were placed into sterile plastic bags containing 20 mL of peptone saline solution (0.1% m:v) and massaged for 1 minute to release the bacterial load. Aliquots of this solution were incubated in specific medium for bacterial growth for 48 hours at 37ºC for subsequent CFU counts. To evaluate the effects of disinfection on production, eggs previously disinfected by UV-C (9 min) and paraformaldehyde and NC eggs were candled between incubation days 10 and 13 and at the end of the incubation period to assess embryonic mortality. Hatchability distribution was performed every 8 hours. The 9 minutes 254nm UV-C light exposure was able to disinfect viable eggs and matched the effectiveness of the paraformaldehyde technique.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia da luz ultravioleta na redução da carga bacteriana de cascas de ovos e o impacto na eclosão e na mortalidade embrionária observando-se a idade das matrizes (38, 42 e 48 semanas). Os ovos foram submetidos a diferentes períodos de exposição (cinco, sete e nove minutos) à luz UV (UV-C) com comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os controles foram ovos desinfetados com paraformaldeído (5,3g/m³) e ovos não desinfetados (NC). Após a desinfecção, os ovos foram colocados em sacos plásticos estéreis contendo 20mL de solução salina peptonada (0,1% m:v) e massageados por um (1) minuto para descolamento das bactérias. Alíquotas dessa solução foram incubadas em meio para crescimento bacteriano por 48 horas a 37ºC e contagem de UFC. Para avaliar os efeitos da desinfecção, ovos previamente desinfetados por UV-C (nove minutos) e ovos com paraformaldeído e NC foram submetidos à ovoscopia entre os dias 10 e 13 de incubação e ao final do período de incubação, para avaliação da mortalidade embrionária. A distribuição da eclodibilidade foi realizada a cada oito horas. A exposição à luz UV-C de 25nm de nove minutos desinfetou os ovos férteis e coincidiu com a eficácia do paraformaldeído.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens , Disinfection/methods , Eggs/radiation effects , Eggs/microbiology , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
The quality of products derived from eggs depends on the quality of the raw material source and the industrial production. The contamination by fungi and bacteria can occur after exposure of the product in the retail market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 60 samples of derivated egg products and evaluate the effects of gamma radiation of cobalt-60, using the dose of 5 and 10 kGy, for decontamination of products collected in the retail market in the São Paulo city. The bacterial count was performed by the most probable number (MPN) and the fungal counts by serial dilution after plating surface. It was observed a decrease in the humidity and water activity (Aw) values of irradiated whole egg powder and white egg powder samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant change in the pH of the same samples irradiated with 5 and 10 kGy (p>0.05). In the powdered yolk the values of pH and Aw presented a significant difference (p<0.05), but no significant difference in the humidity values of 5 and 10 kGy irradiated samples (p>0.05). Effective microbial sterilization of all products occurred at the dose of 10 kGy.(AU)
A qualidade dos produtos derivados de ovos depende da qualidade da matéria-prima e da produção industrial. A contaminação por fungos e bactérias pode ocorrer após a exposição do produto no mercado varejista. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 60 amostras de derivados de ovos e avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama de cobalto-60, utilizando-se as doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para descontaminação dos produtos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo. A contagem bacteriana foi realizada pelo número mais provável (MPN), e as contagens fúngicas por diluição seriada em plaqueamento de superfície. Foi observada uma diminuição dos valores da umidade e da atividade de água (Aa) das amostras irradiadas de ovo integral em pó e clara em pó (p<0,05), mas sem alteração significativa do pH nas mesmas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). Em gema em pó, observou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) nos valores de pH e Aa, mas não houve mudança expressiva nos valores de umidade nas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). A esterilização microbiana eficaz de todos os produtos ocorreu com a dose de 10 kGy.(AU)
Subject(s)
Eggs/microbiology , Eggs/radiation effects , Gamma Rays/therapeutic use , Sterilization/methods , Cobalt/therapeutic use , Fungi/radiation effectsABSTRACT
The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5degrees C, 25degrees C, and 35degrees C. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5degrees C. However, other temperature conditions, 25degrees C and 35degrees C, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25degrees C. The higher temperature, 35degrees C, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25degrees C, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35degrees C and 25degrees C appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35degrees C condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25degrees C, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ascaris suum/embryology , Culture Media , Eggs/radiation effects , Humidity , Larva/growth & development , Silicon Dioxide , TemperatureABSTRACT
Ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated A. suum eggs. Here, unembryonated A. suum eggs were incubated at 20degrees C, 50degrees C, and 70degrees C in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (IF4E), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and cell death protein 6 (CDP6), were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. No prominent morphological alterations were noted in the eggs at 20degrees C until day 10. In contrast, the eggs developed rapidly, and embryonated eggs and hatched larvae began to die, starting on day 2 at 50degrees C and day 1 at 70degrees C. At 20degrees C, IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was significantly increased from days 2-4; however, AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was not changed significantly. IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was markedly decreased from day 2 at 50degrees C and 70degrees C, whereas AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was significantly increased. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 were detected for 9-10 days at 20degrees C, for 3-5 days at 50degrees C, and for 2 days at 70degrees C. Taken together, incremental heat increases were associated with the rapid development of A. suum eggs, decreased expression of genes related to viability, and earlier expression of apoptosis-related genes, and finally these changes of viability- and apoptosis-related genes of A. suum eggs were associated with survival of the eggs under temperature stress.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Apoptosis , Ascaris suum/genetics , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Eggs/radiation effects , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation/radiation effects , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Survival Analysis , TemperatureABSTRACT
Se describe la evaluación cuantitativa del vaciamiento gástrico en un enfermo con gastroparesis diabética mediante la ingesta de huevo marcado con coloide radioactivo. Se estudió el efecto del agente colinérgico metoclopramida. Sugerimos el uso de este método para la evaluaciómn objetiva de los resultados de intervenciones terapéuticas en personas con trastornos de motilidad gástrica